The following discussion provides an analysis of the Company's financial condition and results of operations for the first quarter of fiscal 2023. It should be read in conjunction with the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Notes thereto are included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022.

Overview

General

The Company's revenue grew in the first fiscal quarter ended November 30, 2022, with the Adhesives, Sealants and Additives and Industrial Tapes reportable operating segments surpassing sales achieved in the prior comparable fiscal quarter. The revenue increase was primarily attributable to inorganic growth from our NuCera Solutions ("NuCera") business acquired in the first month of fiscal 2023. The Company's gross margin decreased to 34.9% in the first quarter compared to 37% in the first quarter of the prior year primarily due to purchase accounting expense (NuCera inventory step-up) and unfavorable sales mix detailed below.

Despite the Company's sales growth compared to the first quarter of the prior fiscal year, the Company had a less favorable gross margin percentage in the current quarter. The decrease in the gross margin percentage is primarily due to purchase accounting expense related to our NuCera business which includes inventory step-up adjustment expensed in the first quarter. Additionally, the Company's gross margin was negatively impacted by unfavorable sales mix in our Corrosion Protection and Waterproofing segment caused by decreased sales volume due to lower demand and customer inventory reduction initiatives compared to the prior comparable fiscal quarter. In addition, increased operating expenses for the current quarter are related to purchase accounting adjustments, including incremental depreciation and amortization (including backlog fully amortized during the quarter) and a lease impairment associated with the Woburn, MA facility relocation, all of which negatively impacted operating income over the comparable prior year quarter.

The Company continues to be negatively impacted by both increased input costs caused by continued global raw material inflationary pressures, increased logistic costs and a more competitive labor market. The Company continues to work with its customers and suppliers in an effort to counteract margin compression and has benefited from sales price increases within the Adhesives, Sealants and Additives and Industrial Tapes segments over the comparable prior year quarter.



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Revenue by Segment

Chase Corporation has three reportable operating segments as summarized below:



Segment               Product Lines             Manufacturing Focus and Products
Adhesives,       Electronic and             Protective coatings, including moisture
Sealants and     Industrial Coatings        protective coatings and cleaning
Additives        Functional Additives       chemistries, and customized sealant and
                                            adhesive systems for electronics;
                                            polyurethane dispersions, polymeric
                                            microspheres and superabsorbent
                                            polymers; highly differentiated
                                            specialty waxes and polymers.
Industrial       Cable Materials            Protective tape and coating products and
Tapes            Specialty Products         services, including insulating and
                 Pulling and Detection      conducting materials for wire and cable
                 Electronic Materials       manufacturers; laminated durable papers,
                                            packaging and industrial laminate
                                            products and custom manufacturing
                                            services; pulling and detection tapes
                                            used in the installation, measurement
                                            and location of fiber optic cables and
                                            water and natural gas lines; cover tapes
                                            essential to delivering semiconductor
                                            components via tape-and-reel packaging.
Corrosion        Coating and Lining         Protective coatings and tape products,
Protection       Systems                    including coating and lining systems for
and              Pipeline Coatings          use in liquid storage and containment
Waterproofing    Building Envelope          applications; protective coatings for
                 Bridge and Highway         pipeline and general construction
                                            applications; adhesives and sealants
                                            used in architectural and building
                                            envelope waterproofing applications;
                                            high-performance polymeric asphalt
                                            additives and expansion and control
                                            joint systems for use in the
                                            transportation and architectural
                                            markets.

Revenue for our Adhesives, Sealants and Additives segment grew in the first quarter, predominately due to year-to-date inorganic growth from our NuCera business acquired on the first day of fiscal 2023. The remaining revenue increase for the segment was due to sales price increases realized over the comparable prior year period and increased demand for both our world-wide focused electronic and industrial coatings product line and our North American-focused functional additives product line.

Revenue for our Industrial Tapes segment increased in the current quarter over the comparable prior year period due to sales price increases realized over the past year and increased demand for our North American-focused cable materials, specialty products and pulling and detection product lines. Tempering this overall increase in revenue was a reduction in sales volume from our Asia-focused electronic materials product line.

Revenue decreased for our Corrosion Protection and Waterproofing segment in the first quarter due to a reduction in sales volume for our building envelope, coating and lining systems and pipeline coatings product lines over the comparable prior period. The decrease in revenue for our building envelope and coating and lining systems product lines is predominately due to a decrease in customer sales volume as a result of to customer inventory reduction initiatives compared to the prior comparable period. Additionally, the decrease in revenue for our pipeline coatings product line is due to project delays in the Middle East market and continued COVID-19 overhang delays in China which affect revenue within other Asian-end markets and outpaces North American sales gains in the oil and gas markets. Partially offsetting the decrease in revenue was an increase in sales for our bridge and highway product line due to increased demand of bridge and highway projects in North America.



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Balance Sheet and Cash Flow

Chase Corporation's balance sheet remained strong as of November 30, 2022, with cash on hand of $56,317,000, and a current ratio of 4.1. The Company's cash position remained healthy, as does cash flow from operations. Purchase accounting adjustments related to the Company's NuCera business were made in the first quarter and include increases in inventory step-up, intangible assets, goodwill and other working capital. Additionally, the Company continued its strategic inventory build during the first quarter, undertaken to help ensure its ability to satisfy our customers' demands and to address its elevated backlog caused in part by supply chain challenges.

Subsequent to the end of the first fiscal quarter of 2023, Chase Corporation paid out an annual cash dividend of $9,500,000 on December 9, 2022.

The Company had a $165,000,000 outstanding balance on its $200,000,000 revolving credit facility as of November 30, 2022, related to the funding of the NuCera acquisition as noted above. The revolving credit facility, which was amended and restated in July 2021 to increase its capacity from $150,000,000 to $200,000,000 allows for the Company to pay down debt with excess cash, while retaining access to immediate liquidity to fund future accretive activities, including mergers and acquisitions, as they are identified. The facility also gives Chase the ability to request an increase in this amount by an additional $100,000,000 ($300,000,000 in total borrowing capacity) at the individual or collective option of any of the lenders. The facility matures in July 2026.



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Results of Operations

Revenue and Income before Income Taxes by Segment were as follows (dollars in
thousands):

                                                        % of                                % of
                              Three Months Ended        Total      Three Months Ended       Total
                               November 30, 2022       Revenue     November 30, 2021       Revenue

Revenue
Adhesives, Sealants and
Additives                     $            55,553           54 %  $             31,049          41 %
Industrial Tapes                           39,077           38 %                32,761          44 %
Corrosion Protection and
Waterproofing                               8,263            8 %                11,200          15 %
Total                         $           102,893                 $             75,010

                                                        % of                                % of
                              Three Months Ended       Segment     Three Months Ended      Segment
                               November 30, 2022       Revenue     November 30, 2021       Revenue
Income before income taxes
Adhesives, Sealants and
Additives                     $             4,124 (a)        7 %  $              7,597 (c)      24 %
Industrial Tapes                           11,947           31 %                 9,290          28 %
Corrosion Protection and
Waterproofing                               2,551           31 %                 4,446          40 %
Total for reportable
segments                                   18,622           18 %                21,333          28 %
Corporate and Common Costs               (10,022) (b)                          (8,216) (d)
Total                         $             8,600            8 %  $             13,117          17 %

Note: Some percentage of total revenue amounts may not sum to 100% due to rounding.

Includes $306 loss on the upward adjustment of the performance-based earn out

contingent consideration associated with the September 2020 acquisition of

ABchimie, $113 in operations optimization costs related to the move from

(a) Woburn, MA to O'Hara Township, PA, $548 of lease impairment related to the

Woburn, MA facility relocation, $2,200 of purchase accounting inventory
     adjustment related to the Company's NuCera business, and $2,820 of backlog
     amortization fully amortized related to the Company's NuCera business

(b) Includes $540 of operations optimization related to the Company's ERP upgrade

Includes $475 loss on the upward adjustment of the performance-based earn out

(c) contingent consideration associated with the September 2020 acquisition of

ABchimie

(d) Includes $59 of operations optimization costs related to the Company's move


     to the new corporate headquarters in Westwood, MA


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Total Revenue

Total revenue increased $27,883,000, or 37% to $102,893,000 for the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to $75,010,000 in the same quarter of the prior year.

Revenue in the Company's Adhesives, Sealants and Additives segment increased $24,504,000, or 78.9% to $55,553,000 for the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to $31,049,000 in the same quarter of the prior year. The increase in revenue was primarily driven by year-to-date inorganic growth from our NuCera business acquired on the first day of fiscal 2023, which benefited sales growth in our functional additives product line. The remaining revenue increase for the segment was predominately due to sales price increases realized over the comparable prior period and increased demand for both our world-wide focused electronic and industrial coatings product line and our North American-focused functional additives product line.

Revenue in the Company's Industrial Tapes segment increased $6,316,000, or 19.3% to $39,077,000 for the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to $32,761,000 in the comparable quarter of the prior year. The increase in sales for the current quarter was driven by sales price increases realized over the comparable prior period and increased demand for our North American-focused cable materials, specialty products and pulling and detection product lines totaling $6,757,000. Tempering this overall increase in revenue was a reduction in sales volume due to decreased demand for our Asia-focused electronic materials product line over the comparable period totaling $441,000.

Revenue in the Company's Corrosion Protection and Waterproofing segment decreased $2,937,000, or 26.2% to $8,263,000 for the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to $11,200,000 in the same quarter of the prior year. Negatively impacting segment sales was a reduction in our building envelope, coating and lining systems, and pipeline coating product line totaling $3,121,000. The sales decrease for our building envelope and coating and lining system in the first quarter is attributed to sales volume decrease and lower inventory levels of our customers compared to the comparable prior fiscal period. Additionally, the decrease in revenue for our pipeline coatings product line is due to project delays in the Middle East market and continued COVID-19 overhang delays in China which affect revenue within other Asian-end markets and outpace North American sales gains in the oil and gas markets. Positively impacting segment sales was our bridge and highway product line totaling $184,000 compared to the comparable period of the prior year, attributed to increased demand in bridge and highway projects in North America.



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Cost of Products and Services Sold

Cost of products and services sold increased $19,719,000, or 42% to $67,000,000 for the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to $47,281,000 in the prior year quarter.

The following table summarizes the cost of products and services sold as a percentage of revenue for each of Chase Corporation's reportable operating segments:



                                            Three Months Ended November 30,
Cost of products and services sold             2022                  2021
Adhesives, Sealants and Additives                     65 %                  61 %
Industrial Tapes                                      66                    68
Corrosion Protection and Waterproofing                61                    55
Total Company                                         65 %                  63 %


Cost of products and services sold in the Adhesives, Sealants and Additives segment was $36,232,000 in the current quarter compared to $18,905,000 in the comparable prior year period. The increase in cost of products and services in the Adhesives, Sealants and Additives segment is primarily attributed to the inclusion of expenses from our NuCera business which was acquired on the first day of fiscal 2023. Cost of products and services sold in the Industrial Tapes segment was $25,719,000 in the current quarter compared to $22,231,000 in the comparable prior year period. Cost of products and services sold in the Corrosion Protection and Waterproofing segment was $5,049,000 in the current quarter compared to $6,145,000 in the comparable prior year period.

As a percentage of revenue, cost of products and services increased for both the Adhesives, Sealants and Additives and Corrosion Protection and Waterproofing segments as compared to the prior year first quarter. As a percentage of revenue, cost of products and services decreased for the Industrial Tapes segment as compared to first quarter of the prior fiscal year. The decrease in the relative gross margin for the Adhesives, Sealants and Additives and Corrosion Protection and Waterproofing segments was due in each case to continued global raw material inflationary pressures, increased logistics costs and a more competitive labor market. The decrease in relative gross margin for the Adhesives, Sealants and Additives segment was also impacted by purchase accounting inventory step-up expense related to our NuCera business and a lease impairment associated with the Woburn, MA facility relocation. The Company has implemented and will continue to implement customer price adjustments (if necessary) and continues to work with our customers and suppliers in an effort to counteract margin compression.

With the composition of the Company's finished goods and the markets it serves, the costs of certain commodities (including petroleum-based solvents, films, yarns, polymers and nonwovens, aluminum and copper foils, specialty papers, and various resins, adhesives and inks) directly and indirectly affect both the purchase price of the raw materials and the market demand for its product offerings. In an effort to preserve margins, the Company diligently monitors raw materials and commodities pricing across all its product lines.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $8,232,000, or 62% to $21,607,000 for the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to $13,375,000 in the comparable prior year quarter. The quarter-to-quarter increase in expense is predominately due to the inclusion of expenses from our NuCera business (including additional amortization expected to recur in future periods and backlog amortization fully amortized during the quarter) which was acquired on the first day of fiscal 2023. As a percentage of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses represented 21% and 17.8% for the three-month periods ended November 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.



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Research and Product Development Costs

Research and product development costs increased $498,000, or 50% to $1,491,000 during the first quarter of fiscal 2023, compared to $993,000 in the first quarter of fiscal 2022. The increase in research and product development costs is primarily related to our NuCera business which was acquired in the first month of fiscal 2023.



Operations Optimization Costs

ERP System Upgrade

During the first quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company began the process of upgrading our current Oracle Legacy ERP System to the Oracle Fusion Cloud Platform. This upgrade will position us with a more advanced system to support business expansion, access to upgrades in functionality and a more modern system for operations, all within the Oracle Ecosystem. Additionally, the upgrade will be a multi-year, phased-in approach designed to mitigate any disruptions to our business. The Company recognized $540,000 in operations optimization expense related to the ERP system upgrade in the first quarter of fiscal 2023.

Relocation of Adhesives Systems Manufacturing to O'Hara Township, PA

During the third quarter of fiscal 2021 Chase announced to the employees at its Woburn, MA location that its adhesives systems operations, part of the Adhesives, Sealants and Additives segment's electronic and industrial coatings product line, would be consolidating into the Company's existing O'Hara Township, PA location. Chase Corporation obtained the adhesives systems operations as part of its fiscal 2017 acquisition of the operations of Resin Designs. The Company recognized $113,000 in operations optimization expense related to the consolidation of the Woburn, MA location during the first quarter of fiscal 2023.

Loss on Impairment of right-of-use Lease Asset

The Company recognized a $548,000 lease impairment related to the Woburn, MA facility relocation, as part of the relocation of the Company's Adhesives, Sealants and Additives segment's electronic and industrial coatings product line to the Company's existing O'Hara Township, PA location.



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Loss on Contingent Consideration

As a component of the September 1, 2020 (fiscal 2021) acquisition of ABchimie, the Company incurred a performance-based earn out liability potentially worth an additional €7,000,000 (approximately $8,330,000 at the time of the transaction) in consideration. Following its initial recording of an accrual for $928,000 at the acquisition date, $1,664,000 and $432,000 in expense related to adjustments to the performance-based earn out accrual were recorded during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The Company recognized an expense of $306,000 and $406,000 in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the performance-based contingent consideration.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased to $2,138,000 for the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to $87,000 in the comparable prior year period. The increase in interest expense relates to our outstanding long-term debt which was used to fund our NuCera business acquisition at the beginning of fiscal 2023.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) was an expense of ($521,000) in the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to an income of $377,000 in the same period in the prior year, a difference of $898,000. Other income (expense) primarily includes foreign exchange gains (losses) caused by changes in exchange rates on transactions or balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our subsidiaries, non-service cost components of periodic pension expense (including pension-related settlement costs due to the timing of lump-sum distributions), interest income, rental income and other non-trade/non-royalty/non-commission receipts. The change in total other income (expense) in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 compared to the first quarter of fiscal 2022 was largely due to the recognition of a foreign exchange loss in fiscal 2023 as compared to a foreign exchange gain in fiscal 2022.

Income Taxes

For the three-month periods ended November 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company's recognized effective tax rate was 21.8% and 25.8%, respectively.

For fiscal 2023 and 2022, the Company is utilizing the 21% Federal tax rate enacted by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") passed in December 2017. Please see Note 14 - "Income Taxes" to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the effects of the Tax Act.

Net Income

Net income decreased $3,003,000, or 31% to $6,724,000 in the quarter ended November 30, 2022, compared to $9,727,000 in the comparable prior year first quarter. The decrease in net income is predominately caused by purchase accounting expense related to our NuCera business which includes inventory step-up, incremental depreciation and amortization (including backlog fully amortized during the quarter), and a lease impairment associated with the Woburn, MA facility all negatively impacting operating income over the comparable prior year quarter.



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Liquidity and Sources of Capital

The Company's overall cash and cash equivalents balance decreased by $259,178,000 to $56,317,000 at November 30, 2022, from $315,495,000 at August 31, 2022. The lower cash balance at November 30, 2022 was attributed to the $180,000,000 of cash drawn from the revolving credit facility prior to the end of fiscal 2022, the proceeds of which were used, together with $70,000,000 in cash on hand, to fund the acquisition of NuCera which closed on September 1, 2022 (the first day of fiscal 2023). The decrease in cash balance at November 30, 2022 is also attributable in part to the continued strategic inventory build (outside of purchase accounting inventory step-up) offset by cash provided by operations of $6,758,000.

Of the above-noted balances, $20,000,000 and $28,951,000 were held outside the United States by Chase Corporation and its foreign subsidiaries as of November 30, 2022 and August 31, 2022, respectively. Given the Company's cash position and borrowing capability in the United States and the potential for increased investment and acquisitions in foreign jurisdictions, prior to the second quarter of fiscal 2018 the Company did not have a history of repatriating a significant portion of its foreign cash. With the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") in the second quarter of fiscal 2018, significant changes in the Internal Revenue Code were enacted, changing the U.S. taxable nature of previously unrepatriated foreign earnings. Following the passage of the Tax Act, the Company repatriated $10,499,000 in U.K. foreign earnings in fiscal 2018 and $17,230,000 in fiscal 2019. No additional amounts were repatriated in fiscal year 2020, 2021, or 2022. The Company repatriated $11,458,000 in U.K. foreign earnings in first quarter of fiscal 2023. Please see Note 14 - "Income Taxes" to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the effects of the Tax Act.

Cash flow provided by operations was $6,758,000 in the first three months of fiscal year 2023 compared to $5,903,000 in the same period of the comparable year. Cash provided by operations during the current period was primarily related to operating income. Negatively impacting the cash flow from operations in the current period was our continued strategic inventory build, undertaken to help ensure our ability to satisfy our customers' demands and to address our elevated backlog caused in part by macroeconomic supply chain challenges.

The ratio of current assets to current liabilities was 4.1 as of November 30, 2022 compared to 12.4 (or 7.3 excluding the $180,000,000 cash drawn from our revolving credit facility to fund the NuCera acquisition) as of August 31, 2022. The decrease in the ratio of current assets to current liabilities is primarily due to the cash outflow of $250,000,000 to fund the acquisition of NuCera mentioned above.

Cash flow used in investing activities of $251,133,000 was primarily due to the purchase of NuCera, which occurred on the first day of fiscal 2023.

Cash flows used in financing activities of $15,229,000 was due to principal payments on our long-term debt related to the funding of the NuCera acquisition mentioned above.

On July 27, 2021 (the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021), the Company entered into the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") by and among the Company and NEPTCO Incorporated ("NEPTCO"), each as borrowers, the guarantor subsidiaries party thereto, the financial institutions party thereto as Lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, with participation from Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., PNC Bank, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The Credit Agreement is used to provide for additional liquidity to finance acquisitions, working capital and capital expenditures, and for other general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement includes a revolving credit loan (the "Revolving Facility"), with borrowing capabilities not to exceed $200,000,000 at any time, with the ability to request an increase in this amount by an additional $100,000,000 at the individual or collective option of any of the Lenders. The applicable interest rate for the Revolving Facility and Term Loan (defined below) is based on the effective London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus a spread ranging from 1.00% to 1.75%, depending on the consolidated net leverage ratio of Chase and its subsidiaries. As of November 30, 2022, the Company had $165,000,000 in long-term debt attributed to the acquisition of NuCera Solutions that closed on September 1, 2022. The long-term debt has a weighted average interest rate of 6%.



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The Credit Agreement has a five-year term with interest payments due at the end of the applicable LIBOR period (but in no event less frequently than the three-month anniversary of the commencement of such LIBOR period) and principal payment due at the expiration of the agreement, July 27, 2026. The Credit Agreement contains provisions that may replace LIBOR as the benchmark index under certain circumstances. In addition, the Company may elect a base rate option for all or a portion of the Revolving Facility, in which case interest payments shall be due with respect to such portion of the Revolving Facility on the last business day of each quarter. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement, the Company may elect to convert all or a portion of the outstanding Revolving Facility into a new term loan twice during the term of the Revolving Facility (each, a "Term Loan", and collectively with the Revolving Facility, the "Credit Facility"), which Term Loan shall be payable quarterly in equal installments sufficient to amortize the original principal amount of such Term Loan on a ten year amortization schedule.

The outstanding balance on the Credit Facility is guaranteed by all of Chase's direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries, which collectively had a carrying value of approximately $76,078,000 at November 30, 2022. The Credit Facility is subject to restrictive covenants under the Credit Agreement, and financial covenants that require Chase and its subsidiaries to maintain certain financial ratios on a consolidated basis, including a consolidated net leverage ratio of 3.25 to 1.00 and a consolidated interest coverage ratio of 3.50 to 1.00 (both defined in the Credit Agreement). Chase Corporation was in compliance with the debt covenants as of November 30, 2022. The Credit Agreement requires lender approval for acquisitions over a certain size and allows for a temporary step-up in the allowed consolidated leverage ratio for the four fiscal quarters ending after certain designated acquisitions. Prepayment is allowed by the Credit Agreement at any time during the term of the agreement, subject to customary notice requirements and the payment of customary LIBOR breakage fees.

The Company has several ongoing capital projects, including upgrading the Company's ERP system, as well as its facility rationalization and consolidation initiative, which are important to its long-term strategic goals. Machinery and equipment may be added as needed to increase capacity or enhance operating efficiencies in the Company's production facilities.

We may acquire companies or other assets in future periods which are complementary to our business. The Company believes that its existing resources, including cash on hand and the Credit Agreement, together with cash generated from operations and additional bank borrowings, will be sufficient to fund its cash flow requirements through at least the next twelve months. However, there can be no assurance that additional financing, if needed, will be available on favorable terms, if at all.

To the extent that interest rates increase in future periods, we will assess the impact of these higher interest rates on the financial and cash flow projections of our potential acquisitions.

We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements.



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Contractual Obligations

Please refer to Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022 for a complete discussion of the Company's contractual obligations.

Recent Accounting Standards

Please see Note 2 - "Recent Accounting Standards" to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the effects of recently issued and recently adopted accounting pronouncements.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. To apply these principles, we must make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. In many instances, we reasonably could have used different accounting estimates and, in other instances, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from our estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations will be affected. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable at the time and under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates and judgments of this type as critical accounting policies, judgments, and estimates. Management believes there have been no material changes during the three months ended November 30, 2022 to the critical accounting policies reported in Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022.



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